Understanding Load Averages

Scout APM

- 6 minutes read - 1251 words

You’ve probably seen those three numbers in uptime or top and wondered what they actually mean. Load averages tell you how much work your CPU is handling relative to its capacity, but the “good” and “bad” thresholds shift depending on how many cores you have. This post walks through the logic with a simple traffic analogy, gives you concrete rules of thumb, and shows you how to check your own system.

load of 1.00 Understanding Linux CPU Load When sho…

You might be familiar with Linux load averages already. Load averages are the three numbers shown with the uptime and top commands. They look like this:

load average: 0.09, 0.05, 0.01

Most people have an inkling of what the load averages mean: the three numbers represent averages over progressively longer periods of time (one, five, and fifteen-minute averages), and lower numbers are better. Higher numbers represent a problem or an overloaded machine. But what’s the threshold? What constitutes “good” and “bad” load average values? When should you be concerned over a load average value, and when should you scramble to fix it ASAP?

First, a little background on what the load average values mean. We’ll start out with the simplest case: a machine with one single-core processor.

The traffic analogy

A single-core CPU is like a single lane of traffic. Imagine you are a bridge operator. Sometimes your bridge is so busy there are cars lined up to cross. You want to let folks know how traffic is moving on your bridge. A decent metric would be how many cars are waiting at a particular time. If no cars are waiting, incoming drivers know they can drive across right away. If cars are backed up, drivers know they’re in for delays.

So, Bridge Operator, what numbering system are you going to use? How about:

  • 0.00 means there’s no traffic on the bridge at all. In fact, between 0.00 and 1.00 means there’s no backup, and an arriving car will just go right on.
  • 1.00 means the bridge is exactly at capacity. All is still good, but if traffic gets a little heavier, things are going to slow down.
  • Over 1.00 means there’s backup. How much? Well, 2.00 means there are two lanes worth of cars total: one lane’s worth on the bridge, and one lane’s worth waiting. 3.00 means there are three lanes worth total: one lane’s worth on the bridge, and two lanes’ worth waiting. Etc.

load of 1 . load of 0.50 load of 1.7

This is basically what CPU load is. “Cars” are processes using a slice of CPU time (“crossing the bridge”) or queued up to use the CPU. Unix refers to this as the run-queue length: the sum of the number of processes that are currently running plus the number that are waiting (queued) to run.

Like the bridge operator, you’d like your cars/processes to never be waiting. So, your CPU load should ideally stay below 1.00. Also, like the bridge operator, you are still ok if you get some temporary spikes above 1.00. But when you’re consistently above 1.00, you need to worry.

So you’re saying the ideal load is 1.00?

Well, not exactly. The problem with a load of 1.00 is that you have no headroom. In practice, many sysadmins will draw a line at 0.70:

  • The “Need to Look into it” Rule of Thumb: 0.70. If your load average is staying above 0.70, it’s time to investigate before things get worse.
  • The “Fix this now” Rule of Thumb: 1.00. If your load average stays above 1.00, find the problem and fix it now. Otherwise, you’re going to get woken up in the middle of the night, and it’s not going to be fun.
  • The “Arrgh, it’s 3 AM WTF?” Rule of Thumb: 5.0. If your load average is above 5.00, you could be in serious trouble. Your box is either hanging or slowing way down, and this will (inexplicably) happen in the worst possible time, like in the middle of the night or when you’re presenting at a conference. Don’t let it get there.

What about multi-processors? My load says 3.00, but things are running fine!

Got a quad-processor system? It’s still healthy with a load of 3.00.

On a multi-processor system, the load is relative to the number of processor cores available. The “100% utilization” mark is 1.00 on a single-core system, 2.00 on a dual-core, 4.00 on a quad-core, and so on.

If we go back to the bridge analogy, the “1.00” really means “one lane’s worth of traffic.” On a one-lane bridge, that means it’s filled up. On a two-lane bridge, a load of 1.00 means it’s at 50% capacity: only one lane is full, so there’s another whole lane that can be filled.

Same with CPUs: a load of 1.00 is 100% CPU utilization on a single-core box. On a dual-core box, a load of 2.00 is 100% CPU utilization.

Multicore vs. multiprocessor

While we’re on the topic, let’s talk about multicore vs. multiprocessor. For performance purposes, is a machine with a single dual-core processor basically equivalent to a machine with two processors with one core each? Yes. Roughly. There are lots of subtleties here concerning amount of cache, frequency of process hand-offs between processors, and so on. Despite those finer points, for the purposes of sizing up the CPU load value, the total number of cores is what matters, regardless of how many physical processors those cores are spread across.

Which leads us to two new Rules of Thumb:

  • The “number of cores = max load” Rule of Thumb: on a multicore system, your load should not exceed the number of cores available.
  • The “cores is cores” Rule of Thumb: How the cores are spread out over CPUs doesn’t matter. Two quad-cores == four dual-cores == eight single-cores. It’s all eight cores for these purposes.

Bringing it home

Let’s take a look at the load averages output from uptime:

$ uptime
23:05 up 14 days, 6:08, 7 users, load averages: 0.65 0.42 0.36

This is on a dual-core CPU, so we’ve got lots of headroom. I won’t even think about it until load gets and stays above 1.7 or so.

Now, what about those three numbers? 0.65 is the average over the last minute, 0.42 is the average over the last five minutes, and 0.36 is the average over the last 15 minutes. Which brings us to the question:

Which average should I be observing? One, five, or 15 minutes?

For the numbers we’ve talked about (1.00 = fix it now, etc.), you should be looking at the five or 15-minute averages. Frankly, if your box spikes above 1.0 on the one-minute average, you’re still fine. It’s when the 15-minute average goes north of 1.0 and stays there that you need to snap to. (Obviously, as we’ve learned, adjust these numbers to the number of processor cores your system has.)

So # of cores is important to interpreting load averages. How do I know how many cores my system has?

Run cat /proc/cpuinfo to get info on each processor in your system. Note: not available on macOS; search for alternatives. To get just a count, pipe it through grep and wc:

grep 'model name' /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l

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